Cantonese Phonetic Transcription Systems
广州话（粤语）注音方案
Fung-Fung Lee 李枫峰
P.O. Box 8789, Stanford, CA 94309
Arpanet: lee@umunhum.stanford.edu
基於用广州话拼音输入中文电脑的需要，这里简单地介绍三种互相关连的广州话（粤语）注音方案。
每个汉字的读音都是单音节(syllable)。在汉语中，一个音节可以方便地分为声母(initial)和韵母(final)两部份。广州话共有声母19个、韵母53个。
● 方案一 (CPS1)：国际音标注音(IPS)
国际音标是一种国际通用的注音符号系统，适用於世界上大部份的语言。
表一：广州话（粤语）声母韵母表《国际音标注音》
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声母《19个》
b 爸 p 趴 m 妈 f 花
d 打 t 他 n 哪 l 喇
dz渣 ts叉 s 沙
j 也
g 加 k 卡 ng牙
gw瓜 kw垮 w 蛙
h 哈
________________________________________________
注：把例字的韵母去掉，就是该声母的读音。
____________________________________________________________
韵母《53个》
a 呀 i 衣 u 胡 e 些* oe 靴* o 柯 y 于
aai 哎 ai 魏* ui 会 ei 四* oi 哀
aau 拗 au 欧 iu 腰 ou 奥
oey 类*
aam 岩* am 暗 im 淹
aan 晏 an 银* in 烟 un 换 oen 论* on 安 yn 元
aang罂 ang莺 ing英 ung红* eng镜* oeng量* ong康*
aap 鸭 ap 合* ip 叶
aat 压 at 屹* it 热 ut 活 oet 律* ot 喝* yt 月
aak 额* ak 厄 ik 益 uk 屋 ek 石* oek 略* ok 恶
m 唔 ng 五 （不与声母结合的独立音节）
____________________________________________________________
注：把带*例字的声母去掉，就是该韵母的读音。
为了便於键盘输入，以上所用的国际音标已被罗马化：代表元音aa(长a)、a(短a)、e、oe、o及辅音ng的国际音标本来每个都是单一符号，其形状近似上表中所用的代号。
习惯上，以零声母（即无声母）起头的i、y，前面一律加声母j；以零声母起头的u，前面一律加声母w。例如，“浅易粤语词汇” tsin i yt y tsi ui 写作 tsin ji jyt jy tsi wui。
传统的音韵学把广州话的每一音节分成9种声调(tone)；其实，入声字在上述注音方案中就是读音以p、t或k作韵母收尾的字，所以，6种声调符号已经足够。
● 方案二 (CPS2) ：变体国际音标注音
以j作“也”的声母，对於很多（香港）人来说都是不习惯的；以y作“也”的声母则比较适当。同理，我们同时把原来的y转为ue，oe转为eu，oey转为euy，dz转为j，和ts转为ch。这种注音比较接近目前香港市面上流行的不甚准确的粤语英式注音，但是前者显然是跟国际音标同样地准确的。
表二：广州话（粤语）声母韵母表《变体国际音标注音》
________________________________________________
声母《19个》
b 爸 p 趴 m 妈 f 花
d 打 t 他 n 哪 l 喇
j 渣 ch叉 s 沙
y 也
g 加 k 卡 ng牙
gw瓜 kw垮 w 蛙
h 哈
________________________________________________
注：把例字的韵母去掉，就是该声母的读音。
____________________________________________________________
韵母《53个》
a 呀 i 衣 u 胡 e 些* eu 靴* o 柯 ue 于
aai 哎 ai 魏* ui 会 ei 四* oi 哀
aau 拗 au 欧 iu 腰 ou 奥
euy 类*
aam 岩* am 暗 im 淹
aan 晏 an 银* in 烟 un 换 eun 论* on 安 uen元
aang罂 ang莺 ing英 ung红* eng镜* eung量* ong康*
aap 鸭 ap 合* ip 叶
aat 压 at 屹* it 热 ut 活 eut 律* ot 喝* uet月
aak 额* ak 厄 ik 益 uk 屋 ek 石* euk 略* ok 恶
m 唔 ng 五 （不与声母结合的独立音节）
____________________________________________________________
注：把带*例字的声母去掉，就是该韵母的读音。
● 方案三 (CPS3) ：类香港式注音
如果每个声母都可以分别与每个韵母结合成音节的话，粤语的音节数目将在1000个左右，但实际上只有约600个。粤语声母与韵母结合成音节的规律显示，如果把音节gui改写为guii，kui改写为kuii，韵母euy缩写为ui，eun缩写为un，eut缩写为ut，那么本来的韵母符号euy、eun、eut就可以取消而不致混淆音节。因为除了g、k之外，没有一个声母是可以既与euy又与ui配合，既与eun又与un配合，或既与eut又与ut配合的，而g、k根本不跟eun或eut配合。同理，如果把韵母ue缩写为u，那么本来的韵母符号ue也可以取消而不致混淆音节。此外，韵母eu可改写为er。
表三：广州话（粤语）声母韵母表《类香港式注音》
____________________________________________________________________
同表二，但附加下列例外：
旧符号 gui kui *euy *'eun *''eut jue chue sue yue deu teu heu
新符号 guii kuii *ui *'un *''ut ju chu su yu der ter her
* 代表 d、t、n、l、j、ch、s、y、g、k、h 。
*' 代表 d、l、j、ch、s、y 。
*'' 代表 l、j、ch、s 。
____________________________________________________________________
这个注音方案虽然不再具有每个韵母单一发音的优点，但对应每个音节的记号仍然是不同的。（汉语拼音方案也有类似的特点。）这个注音方案一方面简化了国际音标注音方案，另一方面又照顾到香港人的习惯，相信会比较容易为香港人所接受和使用。
例子
汉字 粤语注音白话相对论出版了
方案一 jyt jy dzy jam baak wa soeng doey loen tsoet baan liu
方案二 yuet yue jue yam baak wa seung deuy leun cheut baan liu
方案三 yuet yu ju yam baak wa seung dui lun chut baan liu
汉字 新年期间很多香港人喜欢打麻雀，互道恭喜发财。
方案三 san nin kei gaan han do heung gong yan hei fun da ma jeuk,
wu dou gung hei faat choi.
参考书目
广州方言研究 高华年著 (1980 香港商务)
粤音韵汇 黄锡凌 著 (1957 香港中华)
广州话—普通话口语词对译手册 曾子凡编著 (1982 香港三联)
广州音字典 饶秉才主编 (1983 广东人民)
李氏中文字典 李卓敏编 (香港中文大学)
Sidney Lau, "Elementary Cantonese", The Government Printer, Hong Kong, 1973.
Appendix 附录
Following are some Unix 'sed' command files for conversion among
phonetic dictionaries written in CPS1, CPS2 and CPS3.
% cat CPS1to2.sed
s/oe/eu/g
s/y/ue/g
s/euue /euy /g
s/^j/y/g
s/^dz/j/g
s/^ts/ch/g
% cat CPS2to3.sed
s/^jue /ju /g
s/^chue /chu /g
s/^sue /su /g
s/^yue /yu /g
s/^gui /guii /g
s/^kui /kuii /g
/^[dth]/s/eu /er /g
/^[dtnljcsygkh]/s/euy /ui /g
/^[dljcsy]/s/eun /un /g
/^[ljcs]/s/eut /ut /g
% cat CPS3to2.sed
/^[ljcs]/s/ut /eut /g
/^[dljcsy]/s/un /eun /g
/^[dtnljcsygkh]/s/ui /euy /g
/^[dth]/s/er /eu /g
s/^kuii /kui /g
s/^guii /gui /g
s/^yu /yue /g
s/^su /sue /g
s/^chu /chue /g
s/^ju /jue /g
%cat CPS2to1.sed
s/^ch/ts/g
s/^j/dz/g
s/^y/j/g
s/euy /euue /g
s/ue/y/g
s/eu/oe/g
To convert a dictionary file (enocoded in CCDOS format) written in CPS3
to one in CPS2, you may do the following in UNIX:
% sed -f CPS3to2.sed dict.cps3 > dict.cps2
In fact, you can easily convert your dictionary file for use with your
favorite Cantonese phonetic transcription system(s). However, please
make sure that dictionary files written in your chosen system can be
unambiguously converted back to any of the above CPS systems.
A much more important factor in the social movement than those already mentioned was the ever-increasing influence of women. This probably stood at the lowest point to which it has ever fallen, during the classic age of Greek life and thought. In the history of Thucydides, so far as it forms a connected series of events, four times only during a period of nearly seventy years does a woman cross the scene. In each instance her apparition only lasts for a moment. In three of the four instances she is a queen or a princess, and belongs either to the half-barbarous kingdoms of northern Hellas or to wholly barbarous Thrace. In the one remaining instance208— that of the woman who helps some of the trapped Thebans to make their escape from Plataea—while her deed of mercy will live for ever, her name is for ever lost.319 But no sooner did philosophy abandon physics for ethics and religion than the importance of those subjects to women was perceived, first by Socrates, and after him by Xenophon and Plato. Women are said to have attended Plato’s lectures disguised as men. Women formed part of the circle which gathered round Epicurus in his suburban retreat. Others aspired not only to learn but to teach. Arêtê, the daughter of Aristippus, handed on the Cyrenaic doctrine to her son, the younger Aristippus. Hipparchia, the wife of Crates the Cynic, earned a place among the representatives of his school. But all these were exceptions; some of them belonged to the class of Hetaerae; and philosophy, although it might address itself to them, remained unaffected by their influence. The case was widely different in Rome, where women were far more highly honoured than in Greece;320 and even if the prominent part assigned to them in the legendary history of the city be a proof, among others, of its untrustworthiness, still that such stories should be thought worth inventing and preserving is an indirect proof of the extent to which feminine influence prevailed. With the loss of political liberty, their importance, as always happens at such a conjuncture, was considerably increased. Under a personal government there is far more scope for intrigue than where law is king; and as intriguers women are at least the209 equals of men. Moreover, they profited fully by the levelling tendencies of the age. One great service of the imperial jurisconsults was to remove some of the disabilities under which women formerly suffered. According to the old law, they were placed under male guardianship through their whole life, but this restraint was first reduced to a legal fiction by compelling the guardian to do what they wished, and at last it was entirely abolished. Their powers both of inheritance and bequest were extended; they frequently possessed immense wealth; and their wealth was sometimes expended for purposes of public munificence. Their social freedom seems to have been unlimited, and they formed combinations among themselves which probably served to increase their general influence.321 The old religions of Greece and Italy were essentially oracular. While inculcating the existence of supernatural beings, and prescribing the modes according to which such beings were to be worshipped, they paid most attention to the interpretation of the signs by which either future events in general, or the consequences of particular actions, were supposed to be divinely revealed. Of these intimations, some were given to the whole world, so that he who ran might read, others were reserved for certain favoured localities, and only communicated through the appointed ministers of the god. The Delphic oracle in particular enjoyed an enormous reputation both among Greeks and barbarians for guidance afforded under the latter conditions; and during a considerable period it may even be said to have directed the course of Hellenic civilisation. It was also under this form that supernatural religion suffered most injury from the great intellectual movement which followed the Persian wars. Men who had learned to study the constant sequences of Nature for themselves, and to shape their conduct according to fixed principles of prudence or of justice, either thought it irreverent to trouble the god about questions on which they were competent to form an opinion for themselves, or did not choose to place a well-considered scheme at the mercy of his possibly interested responses. That such a revolution occurred about the middle of the fifth century B.C., seems proved by the great change of tone in reference to this subject which one perceives on passing from Aeschylus to Sophocles. That anyone should question the veracity of an oracle is a supposition which never crosses the mind of the elder dramatist. A knowledge of augury counts among the greatest benefits222 conferred by Prometheus on mankind, and the Titan brings Zeus himself to terms by his acquaintance with the secrets of destiny. Sophocles, on the other hand, evidently has to deal with a sceptical generation, despising prophecies and needing to be warned of the fearful consequences brought about by neglecting their injunctions. The stranger had a pleasant, round face, with eyes that twinkled in spite of the creases around them that showed worry. No wonder he was worried, Sandy thought: having deserted the craft they had foiled in its attempt to get the gems, the man had returned from some short foray to discover his craft replaced by another. “Thanks,” Dick retorted, without smiling. When they reached him, in the dying glow of the flashlight Dick trained on a body lying in a heap, they identified the man who had been warned by his gypsy fortune teller to “look out for a hidden enemy.” He was lying at full length in the mould and leaves. "But that is sport," she answered carelessly. On the retirement of Townshend, Walpole reigned supreme and without a rival in the Cabinet. Henry Pelham was made Secretary at War; Compton Earl of Wilmington Privy Seal. He left foreign affairs chiefly to Stanhope, now Lord Harrington, and to the Duke of Newcastle, impressing on them by all means to avoid quarrels with foreign Powers, and maintain the blessings of peace. With all the faults of Walpole, this was the praise of his political system, which system, on the meeting of Parliament in the spring of 1731, was violently attacked by Wyndham and Pulteney, on the plea that we were making ruinous treaties, and sacrificing British interests, in order to benefit Hanover, the eternal millstone round the neck of England. Pulteney and Bolingbroke carried the same attack into the pages of The Craftsman, but they failed to move Walpole, or to shake his power. The English Government, instead of treating Wilkes with a dignified indifference, was weak enough to show how deeply it was touched by him, dismissed him from his commission of Colonel of the Buckinghamshire Militia, and treated Lord Temple as an abettor of his, by depriving him of the Lord-Lieutenancy of the same county, and striking his name from the list of Privy Councillors, giving the Lord-Lieutenancy to Dashwood, now Lord Le Despencer. "I tell you what I'll do," said the Deacon, after a little consideration. "I feel as if both Si and you kin stand a little more'n you had yesterday. I'll cook two to-day. We'll send a big cupful over to Capt. McGillicuddy. That'll leave us two for to-morrer. After that we'll have to trust to Providence." "Indeed you won't," said the Surgeon decisively. "You'll go straight home, and stay there until you are well. You won't be fit for duty for at least a month yet, if then. If you went out into camp now you would have a relapse, and be dead inside of a week. The country between here and Chattanooga is dotted with the graves of men who have been sent back to the front too soon." "Adone do wud that—though you sound more as if you wur in a black temper wud me than as if you pitied me." "Wot about this gal he's married?" "Don't come any further." "Davy, it 'ud be cruel of us to go and leave him." "Insolent priest!" interrupted De Boteler, "do you dare to justify what you have done? Now, by my faith, if you had with proper humility acknowledged your fault and sued for pardon—pardon you should have had. But now, you leave this castle instantly. I will teach you that De Boteler will yet be master of his own house, and his own vassals. And here I swear (and the baron of Sudley uttered an imprecation) that, for your meddling knavery, no priest or monk shall ever again abide here. If the varlets want to shrieve, they can go to the Abbey; and if they want to hear mass, a priest can come from Winchcombe. But never shall another of your meddling fraternity abide at Sudley while Roland de Boteler is its lord." "My lord," said Edith, in her defence, "this woman has sworn falsely. The medicine I gave was a sovereign remedy, if given as I ordered. Ten drops would have saved the child's life; but the contents of the phial destroyed it. The words I uttered were prayers for the life of the child. My children, and all who know me, can bear witness that I have a custom of asking His blessing upon all I take in hand. I raised my eyes towards heaven, and muttered words; but, my lord, they were words of prayer—and I looked up as I prayed, to the footstool of the Lord. But it is in vain to contend: the malice of the wicked will triumph, and Edith Holgrave, who even in thought never harmed one of God's creatures, must be sacrificed to cover the guilt, or hide the thoughtlessness of another." "Aye, Sir Treasurer, thou hast reason to sink thy head! Thy odious poll-tax has mingled vengeance—nay, blood—with the cry of the bond." HoME古一级毛片免费观看
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